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PacBio

美國太平洋生物科學公司Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) www.pacificbiosciences.com  www.pacb.com 
科學家們完成第一個人類基因組測序整整花了13年的時間,耗費了30億美元的費用。隨著計算機運算速度提高和其他技術(shù)進步的影響,目前一般實驗室的基因組測序還是要經(jīng)過長達6周的時間才能完成,并且整個工作需要10萬到30萬美元的資金。

一個20年來最具爆炸性的消息

近日,美國太平洋生物科學公司(Pacific Biosciences)通過《財富》雜志展示了公司最新研發(fā)成功的個人基因組測序樣機,并宣布公司將在2013年上市銷售個人基因組測序儀。該儀器大小類似家用微波爐,將在15分鐘內(nèi)完成基因組測序,并且每個人測完整個基因組的費用不到1000美元,屆時每個人將有能力負擔個人基因組的測序費用,基因組測序?qū)ζ胀ù蟊娨彩峭偈挚傻玫氖虑椤?/p>

該樣機的潛力立刻在遺傳學界引起軒然大波,許多專家表示,如果產(chǎn)品真的能在2013年上市,基因組研究將會發(fā)生天翻地覆的變化,甚至有人表示這是20年來所聽到的最具爆炸性的消息。

專家們表示,一旦基因組測序儀上市,人類基因組測序就像核磁共振儀那樣簡單方便,每個人的基因秘密將得以破解??茖W家們就能最終找到阿爾茨海默氏癥、白血病、前列腺癌等疑難疾病的變異基因,制藥公司也能設(shè)計出更有針對性的治療藥物,醫(yī)生們也能預測人們可能會得什么病,并提前預防治療。

目前的樣機比廚房用微波爐稍大一點,機器中裝有電子管、激光器、透鏡以及反光鏡,是集合光學聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)、材料科學、生物物理學以及視頻技術(shù)等綜合技術(shù)組裝而成的。

“竊取人類自然本性”的聚合酶

該測序儀的工作原理是,將基因組的DNA斷開成許多很小的片段,這些小DNA片段制成溶液后滴入測序儀內(nèi)的金屬薄片上,金屬薄片中分布著3000個納米級小孔,這些納米孔的直徑不到70納米,被滴入薄片上后,小DNA片段會分散到不同的納米孔中。每個納米孔中涂有一種特殊的酶——DNA聚合酶,DNA聚合酶的特性是,能夠沿著DNA片段的雙鏈結(jié)構(gòu)游動,在游動的過程中將DNA片段的雙鏈結(jié)構(gòu)打開,分成兩個片段,也可為某個DNA單鏈找到對應的片段,重新組合在一起,科學家將DNA聚合酶的作用形象地比喻成衣服的拉鏈,可開可合。

太平洋生物科學公司的測序儀就是利用DNA聚合酶來“竊取人類的自然本性”的。一旦DNA片段在納米孔中分散完畢,向聚合酶分子滴入經(jīng)過特殊處理的核苷酸溶液,謎底就會被揭開。核苷酸溶液中的每個核苷酸都用磷光染色劑做過標記,金屬薄片的底部也有一個縮微版光譜儀,一旦DNA片段中有核苷酸與之配對,標記物就會發(fā)出特定顏色的光,縮微版光譜儀就能檢測并記錄下這些閃光,測序儀從而記錄下每個DNA片段中的堿基對順序。當閃光記錄完之后,結(jié)果會輸入計算機中,計算機破譯出所有的DNA片段結(jié)果,并重新“組裝”,讓基因組恢復原樣。

該樣機目前的測序速度為每秒鐘10個堿基對,2013年上市的測序儀將達到每秒測定1萬個堿基對的速度。盡管有來自其他諸多生物技術(shù)公司的激烈競爭,太平洋生物科學公司堅信,在資金雄厚的風險投資公司的強有力支持下,自己公司的產(chǎn)品必將成為第一個上市的快速便宜的個人基因組測序儀。分析人士也激動地將太平洋生物科學公司比喻成“健康產(chǎn)業(yè)的谷歌”,公司將在未來的健康領(lǐng)域無處不在。

Pacific Biosciences (PacBio), headquartered in Menlo Park, CA, is a startup biotechnology company developing a transformative Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT™) DNA sequencing platform. PacBio’s goal is to commercialize SMRT DNA sequencing technology, eventually enabling sequencing of individual genomes as part of routine medical care. The company is currently venture funded by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Mohr Davidow Ventures, Alloy Ventures, Maverick Capital, and others.
Enabling routine use of DNA sequencing requires a significant increase in price performance and overall capabilities. The current industry-standard, Sanger sequencing, is expensive and slow for routine medical use. It was used for the Human Genome Project which took approximately 13 years and $3 billion to complete. Recently developed Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platforms have increased throughput and lowered cost but have done so at the expense of other aspects of performance. They provide data in the form of short blocks of sequence, or short reads. Due to the highly repetitive nature of complex genomes, these short reads cannot be placed unambiguously on a known sequence template, nor do they generate sufficient overlap for reconstruction if the sequence is novel. Long reads are required to accomplish this successfully and efficiently.
PacBio's SMRT technology offers a completely new performance envelope - long reads, increased throughput, and low cost. Long reads are a critical advantage for a broad range of genomic analysis applications. For resequencing, long reads enable confident genomic placement of repetitive regions and characterization of structural variation. For de novo sequencing, long reads greatly simplify the reconstruction process and can achieve more complete sequence with less coverage. Requiring less coverage translates to much higher performance because fewer reads are needed.
This combination of performance characteristics is the result of a unique approach that uses a single DNA polymerase working in a continuous, processive manner to synthesize DNA. For the first time, natural DNA synthesis by a DNA polymerase can be observed as it occurs.